附錄 APPENDIX - Report by M.A. Stein (斯坦因) 1907

Marc Aurel Stein: “1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford.” - Digitized version

CHAPTER II -- SARIKOL AND THE ROUTE TO KASHGAR

Section I -- THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF SARIKOL

Meeting of ethnic areas near Kilik Pass
The great alpine valley of the Taghdumbash Pamir, to which I crossed on the 29th of June. 1900, over the Kilik Pass (15,800 feet above the sea, Fig. 8), was certain to prove interesting ground from more than one point of view. At its head I was close to the point where the drainage areas of the three great river systems of the Indus, the Oxus, and the Tarim meet, the representatives as it were of the still greater ethnic areas of India, Iran, and Turkestan. That the view from the height of the Khushbel Peak, my first survey station, simultaneously comprised the confines of British India, Afghanistan, Russia, and China, was the best illustration of the abiding influence which geographical facts must exercise over political developments even in this desolate region. The wide expanse of level or easily undulating grazing land which the same view disclosed at the bottom of the Taghdumbash Valley, formed a striking contrast to the rocky and almost impassable gorges of Hunza, and could not fail to impress me at the outset with the advantages for communication which the Pamirs offer, notwithstanding their elevation and severe climate. But it was only in the light of subsequent observations, gathered on my marches along the whole length of the Taghdumbash Pamir from the Wakhjir Pass and the Oxus source down to Tash-kurghan, that I fully realized the historical interest of the route which leads through this valley.

Position of Taghdumbash Pamir
In order to explain the importance which may be claimed for the Taghdumbash Pamir as an early line of communication between Chinese Turkestan and the Oxus Valley, it is not necessary to consider the historical topography of the whole Pamir region. Lord Curzon, in his justly famous memoir on 'The Pamirs and the source of the Oxus', has furnished a lucid and critical summary of that much-discussed subject, and to it the reader may be referred with confidence for information on all general questions. An important geographical fact, aptly recognized in Lord Curzon's analysis, helps to limit the scope of our inquiry. The Taghdumbash Pamir, though it shares the designation and also, in its upper portion, the main physical characteristics of the other Pamirs, lies in a different watershed from the rest, and is thus plainly marked as part of a different system. We find this physical division emphasized at the present day by the political boundaries, which leave the Taghdumbash the only Pamir under Chinese jurisdiction, and we may safely attribute to it a determining influence upon the earlier historical conditions of this mountain tract.

Importance of Taghdumbash route
While all the other Pamirs are situated within the drainage area of the Oxus, the waters of the Taghdumbash Pamir discharge themselves eastwards into the great Turkestan Basin. The river of which they are the main feeders, and which takes its best known name from Tash-kurghan, the chief place it passes, breaks through the great meridional range flanking the Pamirs on the east, and ultimately joins the Yarkand river or Zarafshan. The collection of valleys which the river of Tash-kurghan drains, together with some minor alpine tracts adjoining them towards the Upper Yarkand river, constitutes the well-defined mountain district now known as Sarlkol. Topographical facts and historical evidence alike prove that the position occupied by the present fort of Tash-kurghan and its neighbouring villages has from very early times been the political centre of this whole territory. At Tash-kurghan ends the open valley of the Taghdumbash Pamir, and the importance of the latter as a route is mainly due to the exceptionally easy access it provides to the central tract of Sarlkol, over more than a hundred miles' distance. In view of this close connexion, it will be well to begin with a review of the main data which throw light on the ancient topography of Sarlkol as a whole.

Importance of Sankol
Small in extent, and devoid of natural resources, the territory of Sarlkol derives its importance Importance solely from the advantages of its position with regard to the routes which from early times have connected the Upper Oxus Valley with the oases to the south of the Turkestan Desert, and hence with China. All the routes leading from the Oxus in that direction, whether they ascend through Roshan, Shighnan, or Wakhan, have to cross the water-parting on the east of the Pamirs, and subsequently to surmount the still more elevated meridional range culminating in the MuztaghAta Peaks, which forms the link between the T'ien-shan system in the north, and the extreme points of the Hindukush and Kun-lun in the south. The chief valleys of Sarlkol extend between this meridional range and the watershed which fences in the true Pamirs on the eastern side. To this position they owe their relatively great width and also their prevailing direction, the valley of the Taghdumbash descending mainly from south to north and that of Tagharma from north to south. Every route that crosses the Pamir watershed to the south of the Muztagh-Ata massif, is compelled to debouch at one point or the other into either of these great valleys; in the opposite direction the same holds good of all the routes that lead from the drainage area of the Yarkand river westwards into the Oxus Basin. The Taghdumbash and Tagharma Valleys meet at the point where the Tash-kurghan river takes its sudden turn to the east; and Tash-kurghan, only some eight miles further south, is the place towards which all the above routes, whether from east or west, naturally converge.

Routes through Tashkurghan
It is easy to show that this centre of the Sarlkol District must at all times have been an important goal for travellers. From whichever side we may approach Sarikol, there is an inhospitable belt of high mountain land to be crossed first, practically devoid of permanent habitations, and throughout incapable of furnishing supplies and places of shelter to caravans. The elevated Pamir region stretching westwards can never, during historical times, have permitted of cultivation. The routes which, starting from Tagharma, connect Sarikol with Kashgar to the north-east and Yarkand to the east, lead by a succession of high passes over barren spurs of the great meridional range with narrow uninhabited gorges between them. It is true, that the difficult and rarely frequented tracts which cross the mountains between the Tash-kurghan and Yarkand rivers in the direction of Karghalik and Kok-yar, pass through some of the minor Sarikol! settlements. But the produce raised on their isolated plots of cultivable land does not suffice even for the maintenance of the small pastoral population scattered over this region. Finally, if the route be followed which leads northward past Muztagh-Ata and then descends along the Yaman-yar river into the Kashgar plain, as described in my Personal Narrative, an even greater distance has to be traversed before permanent habitations are reached.

Resources of SarikoL
This situation of Sarikol, in the midst of desolate mountain tracts and yet at the junction of important routes, necessarily invests with exceptional value whatever natural resources the district possesses. Given an adequate population, and an administration capable of protecting it, these resources would, undoubtedly, be far larger than they are at present. The lower part of the Taghdumbash Valley, for a distance of forty miles from below Tash-kurghan to the hamlet of Dafdar, shows a remarkably broad and uniform expanse of fertile ground at its bottom. Cultivation is now restricted to a small continuous stretch of the valley above and below Tash-kurghan, and to certain isolated settlements, such as Dafdar and Pisling, recently started at points higher up the valley where it is easy to obtain water for irrigation from side streams.

Earlier settlements in Tashkurghan Valley
But the uniform tradition of the inhabitants, as reported to me during my stay at Tashkurghan, asserts that the compact cultivated area once extended much higher up the valley. In support of this belief, reference was made to the remains of extensive irrigation canals traceable along the foot of the mountains, especially on the east side of the valley, as well as to deserted village sites, such as Bazar-dasht, found at a considerable distance beyond the limits of the present belt of village land. I believe that these statements may be accepted as based on substantial facts. On the one hand, the almost unbroken stretch of alluvial land which I passed on my route from Dafdar to Tughlan-shahr, seemed only to wait for systematic irrigation in order to yield the crops for which the climate is adapted. On the other hand, it is impossible to doubt that the periodical raids from slave-hunting Kanjutis and Shighnls, to which we know Sarikol to have been subjected before and after Yaqub Beg's rebellion, and which did not cease completely until the British occupation of Hunza, must have resulted in a partial depopulation of the country.


From the devastating effects of these raids, the upper portions of the Taghdumbash Valley, lying nearest, necessarily suffered most. But they extended also to the Tagharma Valley, which, in its well-watered central flat, about twelve miles long by seven broad, offers ample ground for agricultural settlements.

It is difficult to judge now, when the whole tract is slowly recovering from the results of long-continued aggression, what its population and resources may have been during periods when the support of a strong paramount power, established in Eastern Turkestan, assured to Sarlkol safety from its predatory neighbours to the west and south. The political value of this hill tract as an advanced post guarding the frontier towards Badakhshan, Gilgit, and the Pamirs was, as we shall see, realized early by the Chinese. But far more than the spasmodic assertion of sovereignty, which, as far as the Chinese administration was concerned, is likely to have been often purely nominal, the racial tenacity of the inhabitants themselves must have helped to preserve to the little alpine chiefship its continued existence and historical individuality.

Ethnic affinity of Sarikolis
The population of Sarikol, apart from the nomadic Kirghiz herdsmen who visit its grazing Ethnic grounds, consists of hill Tajiks, who by physical appearance and language alike are unmistakably s^ikolisf proved to belong to the so-called Galcha stock. The Sarikoll tongue, first recorded by the late Mr. R. Shaw with his usual accuracy and care, is very closely allied to Wakhi, the language of VVakhan, of which it may be said to represent a mere dialect. The Sarikolis whom I saw showed all the racial characteristics of the Iranian 'Tajiks' who form the bulk of the population in the Oxus region, and the knowledge of Persian common among all classes indicates the influence exercised by the culture of Iran even in these distant valleys. To the prevalence of Iranian traditional lore in the local legends I shall have occasion to refer later. The antiquity of these legends, as attested by Hsiian-tsang, the Iranian elements in the local nomenclature, as well as the absence of any historical tradition to the contrary, render it highly probable that the population of Sarikol has from early times borne the same ethnic character as at present.

Ethnic individuality of Sarikol
The geographical position of Sarikol is such that it could never have lain on the route Ethnic inof one of those great waves of invasion which from time to time have swept across the more jj[v^"jk0{ accessible parts of Central Asia, and in their progress have radically changed the ethnology of those regions. Sarikol, with its severe climate10—the elevation of the main valleys sinks nowhere below 10,000 ft.—and its limited area of productive land, could not possibly attract occupation and settlement by a powerful invader. The predatory inroads to which the main valleys were exposed, during recurring periods, from the petty hill-states to the south and west, no doubt subjected the more peaceable population of Sarikol to great vicissitudes. But considering the passing character of these raids, and the ready shelter offered by the many secluded sidevalleys, they were not likely to threaten it with extermination. Experience in any case shows that the Sarikoll settlements during recent times have recovered from severe trials of this kind, including even a forcible transportation of the greater part of the population to Kashgar, which occurred during Yaqub Beg's rule. It is manifest that this small Iranian community, placed in such close proximity to a great Turkl-speaking population, and sharing its political fortunes, could not have preserved its language and racial characteristics intact without the isolating effect of its mountains and that tenacious attachment to inherited lore which is peculiar to hill people.

Early extension of Gakhastock eastwards
The hillmen of Sarikol at the present day form the extreme outpost of Iranian nationality towards tne east. But if we may judge from several important indications, settlements of an Iranian-speaking race must in ancient days have extended much further eastwards, especially in the direction of Khotan. The documents in Brahmt script which my excavations brought to light from the ruined temples of the Dandan-Uiliq site, and which, with other records of the same character previously obtained from the same locality, have been partly deciphered by Dr. Hoernle, make it appear highly probable that the language spoken in the eighth century by the indigenous population of Khotan was of Iranian origin. On the other hand, the anthropometric data collected by me in the Khotan region, according to the careful analysis made of them by Mr. A. T. Joyce, in independence of any historical or linguistic arguments, plainly mark in the Khotanese population of to-day the prevalence of a racial element closely related to the hill-tribes generally designated as Galchas, who are settled in the highlands of the Oxus and Zarafshan.

Connexion with ancient population of Khotan
The ethnographical importance of these observations is confirmed by the statement of the Chinese historical record to be discussed below, dating back to the period of the T'ang dynasty's of Khotan. rule over Eastern Turkestan (7th to 8th century A. D.), which describes the external appearance and language of the people of Sarikol as identical with that of the Khotanese. In view of this convergence of linguistic, anthropological, and historical proofs, we can scarcely avoid the conclusion that the modern Sarlkolis represent but the remnant of a larger Galcha population which once spread as far as the territory of Khotan, but further east has since undergone considerable racial amalgamation and abandoned its language for Turki. The great difference in geographical position, and consequently in accessibility between the valleys of Sarikol and the oases of the plain of the northern foot of the Kun-lun range would amply account for the thoroughness with which this transformation has proceeded in the latter region.

The Pakhpo tribe
Finally, it may be pointed out in passing that an ethnic link between the Iranian Sarlkolis and the present population of those oases is, perhaps, to be found in the small and little known hill-tribe of the Pakhpos, who partly as herdsmen, partly as cultivators, dwell in the narrow valleys near the headwaters of the Tiznaf and Yarkand rivers. Dr. Bellew, to whom we owe what scanty information has so far been recorded about this curious people, describes them as of 'pronounced Caucasian features' and very fair. He was much struck by the difference of their physical type from that of other races he had come into contact with in Eastern Turkestan. He notes that the few Pakhpos whom he met and was able to examine, denied having any language of their own apart from Turki; but he remarks also upon the extreme shyness of these hillmen, which 'led them to conceal all information regarding themselves'. I myself was unable to proceed near enough to their hills, south of Karghalik, to obtain an opportunity of meeting Pakhpos. But during my short stay at Karghalik, Daud Beg, a local official, who had for some years held charge of the tract they mainly inhabit, distinctly told me that, though all Pakhpos know Turki, and though its use is extending owing to frequent intermarriages with people of the Karghalik oasis, another language is talked by them among themselves which is understood by Sarikolls, and is apparently a dialect of the latter's tongue. If this information should prove to be correct, our presumption in favour of the Pakhpos being another remnant of a Galcha population, formerly more widely spread, would become an established fact.

Section II -- EARLY CHINESE ACCOUNTS OF SARIKOL

The important position occupied by Sarlkol in respect of the routes leading across the Pamir region accounts for the ample information to be gathered from early Chinese records regarding its historical topography. The narrative of the pilgrim Hsiian-tsang, who on his return journey from India to China traversed Sarlkol, supplies most of the details. It was in his itineraries that the old name of this mountain chiefship, which the Chinese transcriptions variously render as Chieh-p'an-t'o, Han-p'an-t'o, &c, was first correctly identified by General A. Cunningham. But for a systematic review of all available data we shall find it convenient to take as a basis the official description of the territory which the T'ang Annals furnish, and which has now become accessible in M. Chavannes' translation.

Latter part of Section II not re-posted here.

Below is from Google Translate: 以下是Google翻譯 - May not translated correctly.

第二章 - SARIKOL和通往喀山的路線

第一部分 - SARIKOL的地理位置和人口

Kilik Pass附近的民族地區會議
在六月二十九日，我渡過了Taghdumbash Pamir的一個偉大的高山峽谷。 1900年，通過Kilik通道（海拔15,800英尺，圖8），肯定會從多個角度證明有趣的地方。在我的頭上，我接近了印度河，奧克蘇斯和塔里木三大河流系統的排水區，印度，伊朗和土耳其斯坦這些更大的民族地區的代表。從我的第一個調查站Khushbel峰的高處看來，同時包含英國印度，阿富汗，俄羅斯和中國的邊界，這是對地理事實必須對政治發展持續施加影響的最好例證，即使在這種情況下荒涼的地區。在塔格杜巴什山谷底部公開的相同景觀的廣闊水平或易起伏的放牧土地與罕扎岩石而幾乎無法通行的峽谷形成了鮮明的對比，並且不可能一開始就給我留下了優勢儘管帕米爾高原和嚴峻的氣候，但仍然提供帕米爾的交流。但是，僅僅根據後來的觀察，我沿著瓦赫吉爾山口的塔格杜姆巴什帕米爾的整個長度以及奧庫斯的源頭，直到塔什古爾漢，都聚集在這裡，我完全意識到了通過這條路線的歷史興趣這個山谷。

Taghdumbash帕米爾的位置
為了解釋塔格杜巴什帕米爾作為中國土耳其斯坦和奧庫斯河谷早期交流的重要性，沒有必要考慮整個帕米爾地區的歷史地形。寇松勳爵在他著名的“帕米爾人和奧克蘇斯的源泉”的回憶錄中，對這個討論得很多的話題提供了一個清晰和批判的總結，讀者可以放心地參考了解所有普通人的信息的問題。在寇松勳爵的分析中恰當地認可了一個重要的地理事實，這有助於限制我們調查的範圍。塔格杜巴什帕米爾儘管分享了它的名稱，並且在其上部也是其他帕米爾高原的主要物理特徵，但與其他帕米爾的分水嶺不同，因此明顯標記為不同系統的一部分。我們發現這種肉體分裂現在強調的是政治邊界，這使得塔格杜巴什成為中國管轄範圍內唯一的帕米爾，我們可以安全地歸因於它對這個山區早期歷史條件的決定性影響。

Taghdumbash路線的重要性
雖然所有其他帕米爾高原位於奧克蘇斯的流域內，但塔格杜巴什帕米爾的水域向東流入大土耳其斯坦盆地。 它們是主要的進食河，它以其最為人所知的名字來自它所經過的主要地點 - 塔什庫爾漢，它突破了東部帕米爾高原兩側的巨大經向范圍，最終加入了葉爾羌河或扎拉山。 Tash-kurghan河流域匯集的山谷以及與其毗鄰的上游葉爾羌河的一些小高山區域構成了現在被稱為Sarlkol的明確山區。地形事實和歷史證據都證明，塔什古爾赫城堡及其附近村莊所佔據的地位早已成為整個領土的政治中心。在Tash-kurghan結束了Taghdumbash帕米爾山脈的開闊的山谷，後者作為一條路線的重要性主要歸功於它向薩爾科爾中心區提供的超過一百英里的距離。鑑於這種密切聯繫，最好先回顧一下總體上敘述Sarlkol古代地形的主要數據。

SankoL的重要性
Sarlkol領土面積小而且缺乏自然資源，其重要性僅在於其優勢在於從早期將上奧古斯河谷與綠洲連接到土耳其斯坦南部的路線，並因此與中國。所有從Oxus通往這個方向的路線，無論是通過Roshan，Shighnan還是Wakhan登高，都必須穿越帕米爾東部的分水道，然後才能跨越更高的經向范圍，最終形成MuztaghAta形成了北部天山系統與南部Hindukush和Kun-lun極端點之間的聯繫的山峰。薩爾科爾的主要山谷延伸到這個經向范圍和東側真正帕米爾高地的分水嶺之間。在這個位置，他們欠他們相對較大的寬度，也是他們盛行的方向，Taghdumbash谷主要從南到北和從塔到南從Tagharma。每條穿越帕米爾分水嶺到達Muztagh-Ata山脈南部的路線，都被迫在某一點或另一個地方進入這兩個偉大的山谷;在相反的方向上，所有從葉爾羌河流域向西進入奧克蘇斯盆地的路線都是一樣的。 Taghdumbash和Tagharma山谷在Tash-kurghan河突然轉向東部的地方相遇;而距離南方僅八英里的Tash-kurghan則是所有上述路線（無論是東方還是西方）自然會聚的地方。

通過Tashkurghan路線
很容易證明，Sarlkol區的這個中心一直都是旅客的重要目標。無論從哪一方面來看，我們都可以接近Sarikol，那裡有一片荒涼的高山地帶首先穿越，幾乎沒有永久居住地，而且無法為商隊提供物資和避難場所。向西延伸的帕米爾高原地區在歷史時期絕不允許種植。從Tagharma開始，將Sarikol與東北與Yarkand連接在一起的Sarikol路線，由一系列高速經過，沿著大的經向范圍的無力馬刺，在它們之間狹窄的無人居住的峽谷。確實，在卡爾加哈利克和科爾雅爾方向塔什庫爾汗河和葉爾坎河之間的山間穿越山區的困難且很少有人經過的道路穿過了一些小薩里科爾！定居點。但是，即使是分散在這個地區的小牧民，養育在他們孤立的可耕種土地上的農作物也不足夠。最後，如我的個人敘述所述，如果遵循的路線經過Muztagh-Ata，然後沿Yaman-yar河流入喀什平原，那麼在達到永久居住地之前，必須經過更遠的距離。

Sarikol的資源
Sarikol的這種情況，在荒涼的山區中，然而在重要路線的交界處，必然投資具有特殊的價值，無論該地區擁有哪些自然資源。由於人口充足，並且有一個能夠保護它的行政機構，這些資源無疑將遠遠大於目前的資源。塔格杜姆巴什山谷的下部距離塔什古爾罕以及達夫達爾小鎮四十英里的距離，在其底部顯示出一片寬闊而均勻的肥沃土地。目前，耕作僅限於Tash-kurghan上方和下方的一小段連綿不斷的谷地，以及某些孤立的定居點，如Dafdar和Pisling，最近開始於山谷較高的地方，在那裡很容易從側面獲得灌溉用水流。

早些時候在Tashkurghan谷定居
但是，在我入住塔什庫爾漢期間向我報告的居民的統一傳統聲稱，緊湊的耕地面積一度延伸到山谷的高度。為了支持這一信念，人們提到了可追溯到山腳下的廣泛灌溉渠的遺骸，尤其是在山谷的東側，以及在Bazar-dasht等荒蕪的村莊遺址相當大的距離超出了現有村莊土地的範圍。我相信這些陳述可以基於大量事實而被接受。一方面，我從Dafdar到Tughlan-shahr的路上經過的幾乎不間斷的沖積土地，似乎只是等待有系統的灌溉才能生產適應氣候的作物。另一方面，我們不可能懷疑，我們知道Sarikol在Yaqub Beg的叛亂之前和之後所遭受的獵奴Kanjutis和Shighnls的定期襲擊，並且直到英國人佔領Hunza才完全停止，必然導致該國部分人口減少。

從這些突襲造成的破壞性影響來看，最靠近的Taghdumbash谷的上部必然遭遇最多。但他們也延伸到塔格瑪谷，它在其水量充足的中央公寓裡，由七座寬闊的大約十二英里長的土地為農業定居點提供了充足的土地。

現在很難判斷，當整個道路從長期持續侵略的結果中慢慢恢復時，在東突厥斯坦確立的強大的最高權力的支持期間，它的人口和資源可能已經向Sarlkol從其掠奪性的鄰居到西部和南部的安全。正如我們將看到的，這條山道作為一個守衛邊界走向巴達赫尚，吉爾吉特和帕米爾的先進軍隊的政治價值，早就被中國人認識到了。但是，就中國政府而言，主權的痙攣主張可能遠不止是名義上的，居民本身的種族頑強必定有助於維持小阿爾卑斯的主要地位繼續存在和歷史個性。

Sarikolis的種族親和力
薩里科爾的居民，除了參觀其放牧民族理由的游牧的吉爾吉斯牧民外，還包括山丘塔吉克人，他們通過外表和語言都毫無疑問地證明了屬於所謂的加察股票。 Sarikoll舌頭由已故的R. Shaw先生以其一貫的準確性和關懷首次記錄，與VVakhan的語言Wakhi非常接近，可以說它代表了一種單純的方言。我看到的薩里克利斯顯示了構成奧克蘇斯地區大部分人口的伊朗“塔吉克人”的所有種族特徵，並且所有階級的波斯人共同知識表明伊朗文化在這些遙遠的地區所施加的影響山谷。對於當地傳說中伊朗傳統傳說的流行，我將有機會稍後提及。這些傳說的古代，正如西安倉證明的那樣，伊朗在地方命名法中的元素，以及沒有任何歷史傳統相反，這使得Sarikol的人口從早期就承載了相同的可能性民族性格作為目前。

Sarikol的族裔個性
薩里科爾的地理位置是這樣的，它永遠不可能在路線上停留在民族之內，這些巨大的入侵波中不時有橫掃更多的中亞地區和中亞地區他們的進步已經從根本上改變了這些地區的民族學，Sarikol以其嚴酷的氣候10--主要山谷的高度下降到10000英尺以下 - 而且它的有限的生產性土地面積不可能通過強大的入侵者吸引佔領和解決主要山谷在經常性的時期從小山丘到南部和西部暴露在其中，無疑讓更加和平的Sarikol人口遭受巨大的變遷，但考慮到這些襲擊的傳遞特性，以及許多僻靜的側翼所提供的便利庇護所，他們不可能用滅絕來威脅它。任何情況下的經驗都表明Sarikoll在最近的t伊姆已經從這種嚴峻的審判中恢復過來，甚至包括在Yaqub Beg的統治期間發生的大部分人口被迫遷往喀什。顯然，這個與說土耳其語的人口非常接近並且分享它的政治命運的伊朗小社區如果沒有其山脈的孤立效應，就不能保持其語言和種族特徵，繼承了山人特有的傳說。

Gakhastock向東延伸
薩里科爾的山民現在形成了伊朗國籍朝東的極端前哨。但是，如果我們可以從幾個重要的跡象來判斷，那麼在古代，說伊朗的種族定居點就會向東延伸得更遠，特別是朝和田方向。我的發掘在丹丹 - 尤利克遺址被破壞的寺廟中發現的布拉姆特劇本中的文獻，以及之前從同一地區獲得的其他同一性質記錄，已被赫恩勒博士部分破譯，使其成為很可能是由於和田土著居民在公元8世紀所說的語言是伊朗人的起源。另一方面，根據喬伊斯先生對他們所作的仔細分析，我所收集的和田地區的人體測量數據在任何歷史或語言論證中都是獨立的，顯然標誌著今日的K人口群體一種與山區部落密切相關的種族元素的普遍性，這些山部落一般被稱為Galchas，他們定居在Oxus和Zarafshan的高地。

與古代人民和睦相連
這些觀察的民族意義得到了中國歷史記錄的證實，這個記錄將在下面討論，可以追溯到唐代的和田時期。統治東突厥斯坦（第七至第八世紀A.D.），其中描述了Sarikol人的外貌和語言與Khotanese的相同。鑑於語言學，人類學和歷史證據的這種趨同，我們幾乎無法避免這樣一個結論，即現代的薩爾科列斯代表的是一個更大的加爾查人的遺體，這個人一度擴散到和田的領土，但進一步向東經過了相當大的種族融合併放棄了Turki的語言。在Sarikol山谷與崑崙山脈北麓平原的綠洲之間的地理位置上的巨大差異將充分說明這一轉變在後一地區的徹底性。

Pakhpo部落
最後，可以順便指出，伊朗薩爾柯里斯與當前這些綠洲的人口之間的種族聯繫也許可以在Pakhpos的一個知名的小山部落找到，部分牧民部分是牧民作為耕種者，居住在Tiznaf河和Yarkand河源頭附近的狹窄山谷中。 Bellew博士，我們欠他們迄今為止已經記錄的關於這個好奇的人的少量信息，將它們描述為“明顯的高加索特徵”並且非常公平。他的身體類型與他在東突厥斯坦接觸過的其他種族的差異令他感到震驚。他指出，他遇到並能夠檢查的少數Pakhpos否認有除Turki以外的任何他們自己的語言;但他也表達了這些山人極度羞怯的態度，這導致他們隱瞞了所有關於他們自己的信息。我本人無法接近Karghalik以南的山丘，以獲得與Pakhpos會面的機會。但在Karghalik短暫停留期間，當地官員Daud Beg多年來一直負責他們主要居住的地區，明確地告訴我說，雖然所有Pakhpos都知道Turki，儘管由於頻繁的異族交往而延長了使用期限與Karghalik綠洲的人們一起，Sarikolls所理解的另一種語言是他們自己說話的，顯然是後者的舌頭的一種方言。如果這些信息應該被證明是正確的，那麼我們推測Pakhpos成為另一個以前更廣泛傳播的Galcha居民的遺跡將成為一個確定的事實。